Marx and the Bourgeoisie Essay - 1908 Words

In this essay I plan to analyze the claim by Karl Marx that the bourgeoisie class produces its own gravediggers. I will first present a definition of the bourgeoisie and the proletariat classes along with what Marx means by his claim. After discussing Marxs claim and his support I will assert that his claim is false and was based on a false assumption. I will argue that Marx does not allow the possibility of an adaptation on behalf of the bourgeoisie. Furthermore, that Marx contradicts his claim with his own ideologies from his critique of capitalism. Finally, Marx adopts historical determinism to support his view which has proven to be flawed. The claim that the bourgeoisie produces its own gravediggers is based on circumstantial†¦show more content†¦We see, therefore, how the modern bourgeoisie is itself the product of a long course of development, of a series of revolutions in the modes of production and of exchange. (Marx, 424). In this sense, the bourgeoisie have the ab ility to change since they themselves are products of revolutions. In other terms, the bourgeoisie are an always changing class that has found ways to stay in power through political hegemony over the proletariat class. Marx conjures the proper preconditions for a successful rebellion but again contradicts himself through his own ideologies. Although Marx believes that capitalism will be responsible for the proletariat rebellion it is the same system that will estrange man from each other and thus prevent a successful revolt. Marx asserts certain preconditions that must exist in order for a rebellion to take place. Marx believes that capitalism provides these preconditions and therefore a revolt by the proletariat class is inevitable. As discussed in Professor Kathryn Walkers lecture, Marx describes four preconditions for a successful social rebellion, A mass of people for rebellion, a problem to rebel against, a common experience and identification of the problem. (Walker, 2005). Marx is correct in identifying the necessary preconditions yet does not take into consideration that just because the conditions are set does not mean a rebellion is inevitable. Marx displays howShow MoreRelated Karl Marx - The Victory of the Proletariat and the Fall of the Bourgeoisie915 Words   |  4 PagesKarl Marx - The Victory of the Proletariat and the Fall of the Bourgeoisie In the Communist Manifesto, Karl Marx writes of the proletariat working class on the verge of revolution due to the overwhelming oppression perpetrated by the bourgeoisie. Marx lays out a sequence of steps, which demonstrate the coming of the revolution, a revolution caused consequentially by the actions of the bourgeoisie. As the bourgeoisie constantly form new ways to revolutionize production, they invariably moveRead MoreKarl Marx s Philosophy On The Development Of The Bourgeoisie967 Words   |  4 PagesPhilosopher Karl Marx claims humanity is best understood through philosophical explanations. In order to understand humans and their history, one should look at philosophy. Marx basis his ideas off of the Hegelian dialect – start with a thesis; once something contrary to that arises, develop an antithesis. When the tension between the thesis and antithesis resolves, you get the synthesis. The synthesis then becomes a thesis and develops its own antithesis and then another synthesis. Based on Marx’sRead MoreMarx And Engels : What Five Major Revolutionary Changes Did The Bourgeoisie Bring About Through Capitalism?944 Words   |  4 PagesMarx and Engels: What five major revolutionary changes did the bourgeoisie bring about through capitalism? Why do Marx and Engels say these changes are bad? Pick one of the changes to discuss in Marxist terms. The five major revolutionary changes that the bourgeoisie brings about through capitalism are market economy, private property, wages, imperialism, and financial institutions. Marx and Engles say these changes are bad because they widen the gap according to income making mobility betweenRead MoreThe Communist Manifesto By Karl Marx And Engels1135 Words   |  5 Pages The Communist Manifesto was written in 1847 by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, who were commissioned by the Communist League, a group of radical workers in London, England. Marx and Engels had known each other since they had met in Paris in 1843, and they had already written several essays together about Communism before being asked to write the Manifesto. The Communist Manifesto was published in England in 1848, and it is one of the most widely influential documents when it comes to modern socialismRead MoreMarx Vs. Locke1476 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Marx vs. Locke Work is something we do on a regular basis, it’s what gets us through our day and makes us who we are. In class, we discussed two authors who had a viewpoint on the idea of work. Rousseau and Marx express their opinions of the theory of work in their own writings. In Karl Marx’s reading called The Communist Manifesto he explains the differences and similarities between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat people. In Rousseau’s reading called Discourse on the Origins of InequalityRead MoreEssay The Communist Manifesto by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels958 Words   |  4 PagesThe Communist Manifesto by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels The Communist Manifesto, written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, outlines how a society should be run under communism. The document provides truths to what is wrong with society; what causes these wrongs; how they can be fixed; and how this relates to humans and nature. Marx was a political philosopher of German ancestry. Marx and Engels split the document up into four sections: Section 1: Bourgeois and Proletarians, section 2:Read MoreThe Pattern of Class Struggle Marx Sees Under Capitalism1546 Words   |  7 PagesTitle: ‘What the bourgeoisie...produces...is its own grave-diggers. Its fall and the victory of the proletariat are equally inevitable.’ Consider this statement with reference to the pattern of class struggle that Marx sees appearing under capitalism. Through my analysis of Marx and Engel’s ‘The Communist Manifesto’ I have come to somewhat agree with their view that in the end the Proletariat always come out on top. It seems to me that it is nothing but a vicious circle . Marx comments that throughRead MoreMarx and the Communist Manifesto927 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"A specter is haunting Europe -the specter of Communism,† Karl Marx proclaims. This phantom maybe the resolution to rid a country of greed and exploitation. Karl Marx in the collaboration with Frederich Engels elucidates his concern of capitalism and his yearn for a communistic society in the book, The Communist Manifesto. In this book he explains his idea of true communism. True communism is a social order in which all citizens are equal. In communism equality means that society is classless, moneylessRead More The Decline of Aristocracy in The Communist Manifesto Essay972 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The history of all hitherto existing s ocieties is the history of class struggles.†1 Marx recognized the ideals of the social rank, which has influenced every society throughout history. The two social classes described by Marx were the Bourgeoisie, or the upper class, and the Proletariats, or the lower class. Before the Bourgeoisie came to social power, landowners and corporate organizations ran the society. Marx believed that the severe separation of the two classes greatly troubled society andRead MoreThe Eighteenth Brumaire Of Louis Bonaparte Essay1539 Words   |  7 PagesThe Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte was written by Karl Marx a few months after the December 1851 coup d’etat of Louis Bonaparte in France. In this short text, Marx further examined the revolution of 1848 and the series of political reversals which eventually led to the coup. Marx views the coup as a consequence of sharp intensifications of class antagonisms in modern bourgeois society, which is the central idea of the theor y of revolutionary change presented in the Communist Manifesto. Therefore

Alternative Fuels For Fossil Fuels - 3425 Words

Fossil fuels have become something of a norm in the last few decades, with us as a race becoming more and more dependent on it as an energy sources. However, when and why did we become so dependent on them is an important question. And also when, in fact, did they start to rule our lives rather than the usual other way around? This essay seeks to unravel the causes and processes associated with this dependency, and whether or not there are any alternatives to fossil fuels which can be used in the near future, and whether or not these sources would be more ‘greener’. The collective global use of fossil fuels eventually leads to carbon dioxide emissions being released into the atmosphere, which then causes more environmental problems such as global warming. The alternative fuels mentioned throughout this essay are essentially any materials or substances that can be used other than the standard fuels. A few examples of alternative fuels include propane, hydrogen, methanol, and vegetable oil, to name a few. Fossil fuel is a limited resource, and so the next stage of developing these energy sources is essential to the sustainability of human life, while also aiming to find an alternative substitute to the current, polluting resources with the alternatives that have an improved, greener performance. The rise in population and the ever changing climate means that renewable energy will become mandatory in the near distant future. The forecast of ‘peak oil’ is closer thanShow MoreRelatedFossil Fuels And Alternative Energy2003 Words   |  9 Pagestoday is made by fossil fuels. Acid rain, global warming, and air quality are all leading problems in today s society all because the world won t put time and money into alternative energy. Alternative energy can effectively dwindle the amount of fossil fuels used. Alternative energy can not replace the use of all fossil fuel but any amount of alternative energy use can be effective. Methods of th eses energy alternatives can save the earth from running out of fossil fuels. Also they can decreaseRead MoreFossil Fuels : Alternative Energy2375 Words   |  10 PagesSaving Fossil Fuels; Alternative Energy Most people today use fossil fuels, but there is a problem that comes with using them. Soon, the world is going to run out of fossil fuels. The average person uses some type of fossil fuel every single day, and cannot imagine a world without them. Can you imagine a world with no gas, propane, or coal? Better yet, can you imagine the world without the machines, vehicles, and appliances that are powered by fossil fuels. 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The extraction, production, and development of these sources have contributed to the many issues with the environment. In addition to this, fossil fuel will not exist forever because there is a limited amount on earth and it cannot be restored. For this reason, the United states should consider substituting fossil fuel with alternative sources of energy. Switching to alternative source may save the Earth andRead MoreAlternative So urces Of Energy For Fossil Fuel1432 Words   |  6 Pagesenergy to fossil fuel is essential. Humans are using up fossil fuels, such as coal and oil, faster than they can be made naturally.This means that there will be a time when all of the fossil fuels will have been used to power . To prevent a world without energy, many alternative sources have been harnessed. Six different pathways for energies were found: solar power, biomass, geothermal power, hydropower, wind power, and nuclear power. All of these are much better alternatives to fossil fuels, as theyRead MoreAlternative Energy And The Use Of Fossil Fuels Essay2174 Words   |  9 Pages .DOC .PDF AuthorLastName2 Alternative Energy and the Use of Fossil Fuels The role of energy in human life dates back to as far as the ages of civilization where ancient people needed fire not only for comfort but also for cooking (Michaelides 1). In the modern digital world, everyone has his or her uses of energy with other similar uses all of which affects the life of everyone. Notably, there is the production and use of energy in varying forms like in automobiles, airplanes, and manufacturingRead MoreAlternative Energy Sources Of Fossil Fuels1701 Words   |  7 Pages the world has run on fossil fuels. Fossil fuels are critical to global energy infrastructure due to their inherent advantages and generate significant economic value as a result. However, the negative economic and environmental implications of fossil fuels demands a permanent transition towards alternative energy. The world will continue to investigate alternative energy sources and must commit to them to avoid long-term environmental degradation. Ultimately, fossil fuels are on the w ay out, butRead MoreAlternative Energy Sources For Fossil Fuels1874 Words   |  8 Pagesmajority of this energy comes from fossil fuels (i.e. coal, natural gas, and oil). Fossil fuels made up eighty-seven percent of the energy consumed worldwide in 2012 (Gonzalez Lucky). There are many people who do not believe there is an energy crisis, or that there is anything wrong with depending on fossil fuels, however fossil fuels are non-renewable, which means once they are gone we are unable to create more. In addition, the carbon that is located in fossil fuels and released from when used for

International Energy Policy Oil policies

Question: Describe about the International Energy Policy? Answer: Introduction The price of crude oil has decrease by over 40% since June, 2014. The price was $115 per barrel at that time. But the current price is near $60 per barrel. OPEC occupies 40% of global oil market. Declining in price of crude oil has created affect on the OPEC. They have failed to meet the agreement on production curbs. The oil price depends on the supply and demand. Economic activity influences the demand of energy (Elekdag, 2008). The demand of energy is high in northern hemisphere. In some region it is high in summer due to use of air conditioning. Weather and geopolitical factors affect the supply of oil. As per current economy of world, it can be seen that there are four reasons which affect the price of oil. The current economic activity is weak. As a result the demand is also less. Second reason is the confusion of Iraq and Libya. These two are large producers of oil in the world. They produce together almost four million barrels per day. But there is no effect on output of them. The market is largely affected by geopolitical risk (Hassan, 2011). According to report, the largest producer oil is America. But there is no export made by America. It also imports oil very less. It creates a lot of spare supply. The last reason is that Saudis and their Gulf allies are not interested to sacrifice their own market share to restore the price. Saudi Arabia can continue with the low price because its reserve is very high and the cost to produce is very less (Al-Chalabi, 2010). This study includes the impact of OPEC members States collective energy policies on the global energy security vis--vis both the oil industry and national economies due to decline in oil prices. It is also emphasized on the measurable actions that non OPEC member can take to mitigate the impact of OPECs current trend as an international oil producer cartel. Impact of decline in oil prices The members of OPEC were five when it was founded in 1960. Thereafter, another six countries had tied to this group. The production value of members of OPEC had decreased. Due to several factors including world recession, the demand has decrease. As a result the price of oil has decreased (Knetsch, 2006). OPEC set quotas of production for stabilizing the price from 1982 to 1985. But, they failed because some members produced oil above the quota (Pitt and Leung, 2009). It is observed that the prices decreased from 2008 to 2009 by 70%. It was doubled in 2001 and it has declined by over 40% during 2014. At the same time, the exports of OPEC have declined 1 million barrels in a day (Balardini, 2010). The mix of export has also altered during that time for various factors. Algeria The revenues of Algeria mostly depend on the export of oil and natural gas. The revenue from hydrocarbon export was 97% of total revenue earned from export and this revenue was also 50% of total fiscal revenues. Due to increasing in price, the revenue has started to decline. It suffers revenue loss of $560 by decreasing price of $1 per barrel. As a result, export level decreases by 4.3% and GDP decreases by 0.8%. This country has faced several economical and social problems due to decrease in revenue of oil. Iran The revenue of Iran from export is about 36% and it contributes 80-85% to the total earnings from exports. It was predicted by the Central Bank Governor of Iran that the foreign obligation of debt is $ 26.4 billion. It will be difficult to repay that debt due to decrease in revenue of Irans oil. Iran will face high amount of budget deficit. Inflation and unemployed are also faced by Iran. It suffers revenue loss in oil export $1 in respect of falling $1 in oil price. As a result of revenue loss, the country may suffer cash crisis. Iraq The exports of Oil in Iraq majorly depend on the export sanctions of United Nations. But export of oil is increasing steadily. As a result it is expected that it will earn more revenue. There is significant of role on decline in global oil prices due to increase in export of oil. Indonesia The revenue of Indonesia decreased 32% ($3.5 billion) in 1998 form 1997 ($5.1 billion). As a result, it falls in economic crisis. It was estimated to fall 13.5-20% in actual. Kuwait The revenue of Kuwait is about 90% of government income. It contributes almost half to the GDP of the country. Saudi Arabia The largest producer of OPEC is Saudi Arabia. It is considered as leader in quota decisions. Saudi Arabia faces problem due to the economic crisis of Asian economy. The sale of 60% of Saudi occurs in Asia. The impact of declining oil prices is both positive and negative in Saudi Arabia. The lower price may be beneficial for certain reasons. The cost of producing oil is very less and it has high reserve. There are several benefits which may be accomplished such as preventing in use of alternative energy resources, capturing the own market share, preventing the investment in non-OPEC oil. On the other side, the earnings mostly depend on oil export. It contributes 88% to the total revenue. It has share of 75% in sate revenues and share of 40% in GDP. As a result of reducing revenues, the growth rate of GDP will decrease and Saudi Arabia may face budget deficit. Qatar The revenue of Qatar from oil export is about 70% of total government revenue. Though the oil price is falling, the country is still thinking to enhance the production capacity. Nigeria It is observed that the earnings of Nigeria from crude oil export have contribution of 90% in foreign exchange earnings. The revenue of Nigeria has decreased due to fall in global oil price. It creates a large effect on the economy and the fiscal growth of Nigeria. Libya It is observed that there is 36% decline in earnings of Libya ($9 billion). The earnings of oil contribute 95% to the hard currency earnings. Due to decline in oil prices, the growth of economy was very rear. The country is bound to apply more conservative fiscal policy and to reduce in spending of public infrastructure. UAE The growth of economy of UAE becomes very slow due to decline in global price. The effect is not so much like other Gulf states. It earns some part of revenue from other business and trade. As decreasing of revenue, the country has taken action to reduce its government expenditure. Venezuela The revenue of Venezuela has also decreased by reducing of global oil price and it has large negative impact on its economy. Mexico Reducing in global oil prices has greater impact on stock market of Mexico. The stock is falling. Russia The revenue of Russian has also reduced due to decrease in global oil price though there is export of high volumes. History says that OPEC has supported the high oil market prices for global crude oil by decreasing the supplies. The supply of oil has not reduced due to drop in global oil price by some members of OPEC. But some members have shown their disinterest to export in low price. It has observed in case of most members that the export of oil has reduced from 2008-2014 and presently is facing high revenue deficits (Luft and Korin, 2009). The Saudi Arabia has good economic condition and good production capacity. Despite of that, the country has selected the low price. It may create negative effect on maximum members of OPEC. Negative effect may harm the revenues and economies of the maximum members which may lead to stabilize the Cartel. As decrease in oil price, the production cost of goods and services will be high in the economy and profit margin will decrease. Price level and inflation of an economy can be influenced by the global oil price decline as well as the financial market of an economy can also be affected (Kalicki and Goldwyn, 2005). The world consumers will beneficial and profitable for consuming the energy at a lower price (Kong, 2010). But it is risk for the producers. It will reduce the profits and capital spending. Measures that can be taken by non OPEC member States The current production of non OPEC countries is about 60% of total global production of oil. The production of non OPEC members includes USA, Mexico, North Sea, non-OPEC Middle East, china. The activities of non-OPEC are different from the activities of OPEC. The most of the oil sector of non-OPEC countries are controlled by private companies. The cost of lifting is higher than the OPEC. It is seen that the market share of OPEC is increasing. It creates problem to the non-OPEC. The global price of oil is also dropping. But the production of non-OPEC has increased s since 1993. In non-OPEC countries, producers are generally the price takers rather than price makers. They are bound to accept the market prices rather than effort to control the prices by managing the production. Lower supply can also put in pressure and it can lead to decline in price (Cashin, 2012). Policy 1: The main measure is the co-operation to mitigate the impact of OPECs current trend as an international oil producer level. The members of OPEC countries have blamed that non-OPEC countries are not intended to co-operate with them. Lack of cooperation is one of the reasons for declining in global price. But it is difficult to cooperate among. The international market is majorly influenced by geo-political factors. It is only possible when the constraint of geo-political can be solved. It is forecasted that the demand of oil will increase in coming years. Though, there is much resource to fulfill the demand, it will difficult to earn revenue by oil producers. If the OPEC and non-OPEC does not co-operate with each other, it will be very difficult the current trend of oil industry. The current trend of an economy in oil market will have an impact on the future market. So, it is required to stabilize the market now to get benefit in future. But, there are several areas of uncert ainty associated with the oil industry in present market. Uncertainties are related with the level of demand in future, policy development and development new technology. These uncertainties can only be eliminated taking collective actions by the OPEC and non-OPEC members. Policy 2: If the production of domestic can be increased the impact of OPECs current trend can be mitigated. Increasing in the domestic production of oil reduces the imports and it makes independent (Helm, 2007). The reserves of oil will more due to increasing in oil production. So, the economy of the non-OPEC countries may not affected by OPEC. In US, the own production level of crude oil has improved continuously from 2008 and the net imports has exceeded in 2011. Presently, it is growing at historic rates (Crane, 2009). Policy 3: It can be mitigated by increasing the supply. If they try to export more oil in international market, it will earn more revenue as well the market share of non-OPEC countries will also increase. The supply can be increased by higher production of domestic oil and making a well reserve. If the production and supply of non-OPEC countries increases, the production and supply of OPEC countries may decrease. Policy 4: The non-OPEC countries can focus on the alternatives of petroleum oil (Mez, Schneider and Thomas, 2009). So, the consumption of petroleum fuel will decrease. As a result, the demand and supply of oil can be balanced. The maximum transport system in the world runs on petroleum. If alternatives to the oil such as bio-fuels, battery, etc are used the demand for oil will decrease. Conclusion It is difficult to say that how long the global prices of oil will decline. But, strategy of Saudi Arabia will affect largely to the others members of OPEC. If the country engages to keep on the exports of oil at lower price for maintaining the market share of them, it will create big effect on the economy of other members. They may suffer several economical problems such inflation, revenue loss and budget deficit. It may lead to an ultimate breakup of the Cartel. It Saudi Arabia even continues at price of below $75 per barrel in the current year, the energy security of US may suffer. References Al-Chalabi, F. (2010). Oil policies, oil myths. London: I.B. Tauris. Balardini, F. (2010). Oil price cycles: 1973-2010. SaarbruÃÅ'ˆcken: Lambert Academic Pub. Cashin, P. (2012). The differential effects of oil demand and supply shocks on the global economy. [Washington, D.C.]: International Monetary Fund. Crane, K. (2009). Imported oil and U.S. national security. Santa Monica, CA: RAND. Elekdag, S. (2008). Oil price movements and the global economy. Cambridge, Mass.: National Bureau of Economic Research. Hassan, F. (2011). Effects of environmental agreements on OPEC exports of oil. SaarbruÃÅ'ˆcken, Germany: Lambert Academic Pub. Helm, D. (2007). The new energy paradigm. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Kalicki, J. and Goldwyn, D. (2005). Energy and security. Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Center Press. Knetsch, T. (2006). Forecasting the price of crude oil via convenience yield predictions. Frankfurt am Main: Dt. Bundesbank. Kong, B. (2010). China's international petroleum policy. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Praeger Security International. Luft, G. and Korin, A. (2009). Energy security challenges for the 21st century. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Praeger Security International. Mez, L., Schneider, M. and Thomas, S. (2009). International perspectives on energy policy and the role of nuclear power. Brentwood, Essex: Multi-Science Pub. Pitt, E. and Leung, C. (2009). OPEC, oil prices and LNG. New York: Nova Sciences Publishers.